Unit 1514: Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Overview of anatomy vs. physiology
• Levels of structural organization (cells, tissues, organs, systems)
• Basic anatomical terminology (directional terms, planes, body cavities)
• Physiological processes overview

2. Cells and Tissues

• Cell structure and function
  • Cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes)
• Cell types and specialization
• Tissue types
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue

3. Skeletal System

• Bone structure and types
• Functions of the skeletal system: support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production
• Classification of bones (long, short, flat, irregular)
• Joints: types (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and functions
• Bone growth and remodeling

4. Muscular System

• Types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• Muscle anatomy: muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres
• Mechanism of muscle contraction (sliding filament theory)
• Muscle tissue organization and function
• Role of muscles in movement and posture

5. Nervous System

• Divisions: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Structure and function of neurons
• Brain and spinal cord overview
• Nerve impulse transmission
• Coordination of body functions and responses

6. Cardiovascular System

• Structure of the heart
• Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
• Blood composition and functions
• Circulatory pathways: systemic and pulmonary circuits
• Cardiac conduction system and heartbeat regulation
• Role in transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste

7. Respiratory System

• Anatomy of respiratory organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Mechanics of breathing: inhalation and exhalation
• Gas exchange process in alveoli
• Role of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

8. Digestive System

• Digestive tract organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
• Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder
• Processes: ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
• Enzymatic breakdown of nutrients

9. Endocrine System

• Major endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads
• Hormones and their functions
• Regulation of metabolism, growth, reproduction, stress responses
• Feedback mechanisms in hormone regulation

10. Reproductive System

• Male reproductive anatomy and physiology
  • Testes, vas deferens, prostate, penis
• Female reproductive anatomy and physiology
  • Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
• Gamete production: spermatogenesis and oogenesis
• Fertilization and early stages of pregnancy

11. Homeostasis and Regulation

• Concept of homeostasis
• Feedback mechanisms: negative and positive feedback
• Role of nervous system and endocrine system in regulation
• Examples of homeostatic regulation (temperature, blood glucose, pH)
• Integration of body systems to maintain internal balance