Learning Objectives
5 objectives- Understand basic anatomical terminology and the general organization of the human body.
- Describe the structure and function of cells, tissues, and major body systems.
- Explain the roles of the skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, and reproductive systems.
- Analyze how homeostasis is maintained through regulatory mechanisms involving multiple body systems.
- Develop the ability to relate physiological processes to overall human health and function.
Content Outline
PreviewUnit 1514: Human Anatomy and Physiology
1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Overview of anatomy vs. physiology
- Levels of structural organization (cells, tissues, organs, systems)
- Basic anatomical terminology (directional terms, planes, body cavities)
- Physiological processes overview
2. Cells and Tissues
- Cell structure and function
- Cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes)
- Cell types and specialization
- Tissue types
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
3. Skeletal System
- Bone structure and types
- Functions of the skeletal system: support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production
- Classification of bones (long, short, flat, irregular)
- Joints: types (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and functions
- Bone growth and remodeling
4. Muscular System
- Types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
- Muscle anatomy: muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres
- Mechanism of muscle contraction (sliding filament theory)
- Muscle tissue organization and function
- Role of muscles in movement and posture
5. Nervous System
- Divisions: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- Structure and function of neurons
- Brain and spinal cord overview
- Nerve impulse transmission
- Coordination of body functions and responses
6. Cardiovascular System
- Structure of the heart
- Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
- Blood composition and functions
- Circulatory pathways: systemic and pulmonary circuits
- Cardiac conduction system and heartbeat regulation
- Role in transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
7. Respiratory System
- Anatomy of respiratory organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
- Mechanics of breathing: inhalation and exhalation
- Gas exchange process in alveoli
- Role of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
8. Digestive System
- Digestive tract organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
- Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder
- Processes: ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
- Enzymatic breakdown of nutrients
9. Endocrine System
- Major endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads
- Hormones and their functions
- Regulation of metabolism, growth, reproduction, stress responses
- Feedback mechanisms in hormone regulation
10. Reproductive System
- Male reproductive anatomy and physiology
- Testes, vas deferens, prostate, penis
- Female reproductive anatomy and physiology
- Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
- Gamete production: spermatogenesis and oogenesis
- Fertilization and early stages of pregnancy
11. Homeostasis and Regulation
- Concept of homeostasis
- Feedback mechanisms: negative and positive feedback
- Role of nervous system and endocrine system in regulation
- Examples of homeostatic regulation (temperature, blood glucose, pH)
- Integration of body systems to maintain internal balance
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