Unit 3020: Molecular Genetics

1. Introduction to Molecular Genetics

• Definition and scope of molecular genetics
• Historical milestones and discoveries
• Significance in modern biology and medicine

2. DNA Structure and Function

• Chemical components of DNA
• The double helix model (Watson and Crick)
• Base pairing rules (A-T, G-C)
• DNA as the storage medium of genetic information
• Role of DNA in directing cellular activities

3. DNA Replication

• Overview of replication process
• Key enzymes: DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, ligase
• The replication fork and origin of replication
• Leading and lagging strand synthesis
• Proofreading and error correction mechanisms
• Importance of replication fidelity

4. Transcription and Gene Expression

• Transcription process: initiation, elongation, termination
• RNA types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
• Promoters and transcription factors
• Regulation of gene expression at transcriptional level
• Post-transcriptional modifications

5. Translation and Protein Synthesis

• Genetic code and codons
• Role of ribosomes in translation
• tRNA and amino acid attachment
• Stages of translation: initiation, elongation, termination
• Protein folding and post-translational modifications

6. Genetic Mutations

• Types of mutations: point mutations, insertions, deletions, frameshifts
• Causes: spontaneous vs induced mutations
• Effects on protein structure and function
• Mutations and genetic disorders
• Role in evolution and genetic diversity

7. Genetic Regulation and Epigenetics

• Mechanisms of genetic regulation: enhancers, silencers, repressors
• Epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation, histone modification
• Chromatin remodeling and its impact on gene accessibility
• Cellular differentiation and epigenetic inheritance

8. Recombinant DNA Technology

• DNA cloning and vectors
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique
• Gene editing tools: CRISPR-Cas9 and others
• Applications in research, medicine, and agriculture

9. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
• Gene therapy approaches
• Ethical considerations and societal implications
• Regulatory frameworks and biosafety

10. Human Genetics and Disease

• Genetic basis of inherited disorders
• Genetic counseling and testing
• Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics
• Genetics of complex diseases: cancer, neurodegenerative disorders
• Future directions in human genetics research