Unit 636: Genetic Engineering

1. Introduction to Genetic Engineering

• Definition and scope of genetic engineering
• Historical background and milestones
  • Early experiments and discoveries
  • Development of recombinant DNA technology
• Applications across fields
  • Agriculture
  • Medicine
  • Biotechnology and industry

2. Tools and Techniques in Genetic Engineering

• Gene cloning techniques
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• Gene editing technologies
  • CRISPR-Cas9 system: mechanism and uses
  • TALENs and Zinc Finger Nucleases overview
• Genetic modification methods
  • Transgenic organisms
  • Gene silencing and RNA interference

3. Ethical Considerations in Genetic Engineering

• Ethical dilemmas in genetic modification
• Genetic modification of humans
  • Germline vs somatic editing
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
  • Public perception and controversy
• Potential risks and benefits
• Societal and cultural impacts

4. Applications of Genetic Engineering in Agriculture

• Development of genetically modified crops
  • Traits: increased yield, pest resistance, drought tolerance
• Impact on food security
• Case studies of major GM crops
• Challenges and controversies

5. Genetic Engineering in Medicine

• Gene therapy techniques and applications
• Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics
• Genetic testing and diagnostics
• Production of genetically engineered pharmaceuticals
  • Insulin, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies

6. Environmental Impact of Genetic Engineering

• Effects of GMOs on ecosystems
• Biodiversity considerations
• Sustainability and environmental safety
• Case studies on environmental impact

7. Regulation and Policy in Genetic Engineering

• National regulatory frameworks
• International agreements and guidelines
• Biosafety protocols
• Ethical guidelines and oversight committees

8. Future Trends in Genetic Engineering

• Synthetic biology and its potential
• Gene drives and population control
• Advances in precision gene editing
• Emerging applications and innovations
• Societal implications of future technologies