Unit 2146: Electromagnetic Theory

1. Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory

• Historical Background
  • Early discoveries: electricity and magnetism
  • Key contributors: Coulomb, Gauss, Faraday, Maxwell
• Key Concepts
  • Electric and magnetic fields
  • Relationship between electricity and magnetism
• Importance
  • Applications in technology and physics
  • Foundation for modern electrical engineering and physics

2. Electric Fields and Coulomb's Law

• Electric Fields
  • Definition and representation
  • Field lines and their properties
• Coulomb's Law
  • Statement of the law
  • Mathematical formulation: force between point charges
  • Vector nature of electric forces
• Relationship between charges and forces
  • Superposition principle

3. Gauss's Law and Electric Flux

• Electric Flux
  • Definition and physical meaning
  • Calculation of flux through surfaces
• Gauss's Law
  • Statement and mathematical expression
  • Application to symmetric charge distributions
  • Using Gauss's Law to find electric fields

4. Electric Potential and Voltage

• Electric Potential
  • Definition and scalar nature
  • Relation to electric field
• Voltage
  • Definition and measurement
  • Potential difference and its significance
• Work and energy considerations
  • Work done in moving charges within electric fields

5. Capacitance and Dielectrics

• Capacitance
  • Definition and units
  • Capacitance of parallel plate capacitors
  • Factors affecting capacitance
• Energy Stored in Capacitors
  • Energy density
  • Expressions for stored energy
• Dielectrics
  • Role and properties
  • Effect on capacitance and electric fields

6. Magnetic Fields and Forces

• Magnetic Fields
  • Definition and representation
  • Magnetic field lines
• Magnetic Forces
  • Force on moving charges in magnetic fields
  • Lorentz force
  • Motion of charged particles in magnetic fields

7. Ampère's Law and Applications

• Ampère's Law
  • Statement and integral form
  • Relation between magnetic fields and currents
• Calculating Magnetic Fields
  • Around current-carrying conductors
  • Solenoids and toroids
• Applications
  • Electromagnets
  • Magnetic field in devices

8. Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

• Faraday's Law
  • Statement and mathematical form
  • Induced electromotive force (emf)
• Lenz's Law
  • Direction of induced current
• Electromagnetic Induction
  • Examples and applications
• Self-inductance
  • Definition and effects

9. Inductance and Magnetic Energy

• Inductance
  • Definition and units
  • Self-inductance of coils
  • Mutual inductance between coils
• Energy Stored in Magnetic Fields
  • Expression for energy
• Behavior in AC Circuits
  • Inductive reactance
  • Phase relationships

10. Maxwell's Equations

• Overview
  • Four fundamental equations
• Equations
  • Gauss's Law for electricity
  • Gauss's Law for magnetism
  • Faraday's Law of induction
  • Ampère-Maxwell Law
• Significance
  • Unification of electric and magnetic fields
  • Foundation for electromagnetic wave theory