Learning Objectives
5 objectives- Understand the fundamental structure and function of the human body and its organizational levels.
- Identify and describe the major organ systems and their physiological roles.
- Explain the cellular basis of life and how cells contribute to homeostasis.
- Analyze the interrelationship between anatomical structures and physiological processes in the human body.
- Develop foundational knowledge to apply in health, medical, or biological sciences contexts.
Content Outline
PreviewUnit 178: Human Anatomy and Physiology
1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Overview of human body structure and function
- Levels of organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
- Anatomical terminology: directional terms, body planes, body cavities
- Basic concepts of physiology: homeostasis, feedback mechanisms
2. Cell Structure and Function
- The cell as the basic unit of life
- Cell components and organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cell membrane
- Cellular functions: protein synthesis, energy production, transport mechanisms
- Cell communication and signaling
- Role of cells in maintaining homeostasis
3. Skeletal System
- Overview of skeletal system components: bones, joints, cartilage
- Bone structure and types of bones
- Types of joints and their functions
- Functions of the skeletal system: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production
- Bone growth and remodeling
4. Muscular System
- Types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
- Structure of muscle fibers
- Mechanism of muscle contraction (sliding filament theory)
- Roles of muscular system: movement, posture maintenance, heat production
- Muscle metabolism and fatigue
5. Cardiovascular System
- Anatomy of the heart: chambers, valves, blood flow
- Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
- Composition and functions of blood
- Cardiac conduction system and heart rhythm
- Circulatory pathways: systemic and pulmonary circulation
- Regulation of blood pressure and heart rate
6. Respiratory System
- Organs of respiration: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm
- Mechanics of breathing: inspiration and expiration
- Gas exchange in alveoli
- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
- Regulation of respiration
7. Digestive System
- Organs involved: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
- Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder
- Processes of digestion: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, defecation
- Nutrient absorption and metabolism
8. Nervous System
- Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord overview
- Peripheral nervous system: sensory and motor divisions
- Neurons and neuroglia: structure and function
- Neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission
- Sensory input, integration, and motor output
- Autonomic nervous system and regulation of body functions
9. Endocrine System
- Overview of endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, etc.
- Hormones: types and mechanisms of action
- Regulation of metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress response
- Feedback loops in hormonal regulation
10. Reproductive System
- Male reproductive anatomy and physiology
- Female reproductive anatomy and physiology
- Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and oogenesis
- Fertilization and early development
- Pregnancy and childbirth
- Hormonal regulation of reproductive functions
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