Overview of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, components of a solar PV system, and the benefits of using solar energy.
Introduction to Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
Designed as a quick‑reference guide for students, technicians, and anyone new to solar energy.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Photovoltaic (PV) | Direct conversion of sunlight into electricity using semiconductor materials. |
| Solar PV System | A collection of components that capture solar energy, convert it to DC electricity, and deliver usable power to a load or the grid. |
| Grid‑connected | System feeds excess electricity to the utility and draws power when solar output is insufficient. |
| Off‑grid (stand‑alone) | System supplies power to an isolated load, typically with battery storage. |
| Hybrid | Combines grid connection, battery storage, and sometimes a diesel generator for backup. |
| Component | Primary Function | Typical Specs / Options |
|---|---|---|
| Solar Modules (Panels) | Convert sunlight → DC electricity. | • Crystalline‑silicon (mono‑ or poly‑) • Thin‑film (CdTe, CIGS) • Power 250‑600 W per panel |
| Mounting Structure | Secure panels at optimal tilt & orientation. | • Fixed‑tilt, adjustable tilt, tracking (single/dual axis) |
| Combiner Box | Parallel‑connect strings, provide over‑current protection. | • Fuses or MCBs, surge protection devices (SPDs) |
| Inverter (DC→AC) | Turns DC from modules into grid‑compatible AC. | • String inverter, central inverter, micro‑inverter, power‑optimiser • Efficiency 96‑99 % |
| DC Disconnect | Manual isolation of the PV array for safety. | • Rated for system voltage & current |
| AC Disconnect | Isolates inverter output from the grid or load. | • Must meet local code (e.g., NEC 690.13) |
| Battery Bank (optional) | Stores excess energy for later use. | • Lead‑acid, Li‑ion, flow; rated in Ah or kWh |
| Charge Controller (for battery systems) | Regulates charging voltage/current, protects batteries. | • PWM or MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) |
| Monitoring System | Tracks performance, alerts faults. | • Web portal, smartphone app, data logger |
| Safety Devices | Protect people & equipment. | • Ground‑fault circuit interrupters (GFCI), arc‑fault circuit interrupters (AFCI), lightning arrestors |
Assess Energy Demand
Select Solar Resource
Size the PV Array
[
\text{Array Power (kW)} = \frac{\text{Annual Energy (kWh)}}{\text{Peak Sun Hours (h)} \times \text{System Efficiency}}
]
Determine Number of Modules & Strings