This topic introduces students to the basic principles of criminal law, including the elements of a crime, classifications of crimes, and the differences between criminal and civil law.
| Source | Description | Typical Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Statutes | Laws enacted by legislatures (e.g., penal codes). | Theft Act, Drug Enforcement Statutes |
| Case Law | Judicial decisions that interpret statutes and develop common‑law principles. | Supreme Court rulings on self‑defense |
| Constitutions | Constitutional provisions that limit or shape criminal authority (e.g., due‑process clauses). | Fourth Amendment (unreasonable searches) |
| Administrative Regulations | Rules issued by governmental agencies that create criminal offenses or penalties. | Environmental compliance violations |
| International Treaties | Agreements that may create criminal obligations (e.g., war crimes, trafficking). | Rome Statute of the ICC |
| Category | Key Characteristics | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Felonies | Serious offenses; punishable by imprisonment > 1 year, heavy fines, or death. | Murder, armed robbery, aggravated assault |
| Misdemeanors | Less serious; punishable by ≤ 1 year in jail or smaller fines. | Simple assault, petty theft |
| Infractions / Summary Offenses | Minor violations; usually result in a fine, no jail time. | Traffic tickets, littering |
| White‑Collar Crimes | Non‑violent, financially motivated offenses. | Embezzlement, insider trading |
| Violent Crimes | Involve force or threat of force against a person. | Homicide, rape |
| Property Crimes | Target property rather than persons. | Burglary, arson |
| Role | Description |
|---|---|
| Principal | Directly commits the criminal act. |
| Accomplice / Accessory Before the Fact | Helps plan or |