Unit 460 Comprehensive Outline

1. Introduction to the Periodic Table

• History of the Periodic Table
  • Early attempts at element classification
  • Dmitri Mendeleev’s contribution
• Organization of Elements
  • Atomic number as the organizing principle
  • Periods and Groups
  • Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
• Periodic Law and Its Significance

2. Atomic Structure

• Components of the Atom
  • Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
• Atomic Number and Mass Number
• Isotopes and Their Applications
• Electron Configurations
  • Energy levels and orbitals
  • Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund’s rule

3. Chemical Bonding

• Types of Chemical Bonds
  • Ionic Bonds: formation and properties
  • Covalent Bonds: single, double, triple bonds
  • Metallic Bonds and their characteristics
• Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
• Lewis Structures
• Octet Rule and Exceptions

4. Periodic Trends

• Atomic Radius
• Ionization Energy
• Electron Affinity
• Electronegativity
• Trends Across Periods and Down Groups

5. Chemical Reactions

• Types of Chemical Reactions
  • Synthesis (Combination)
  • Decomposition
  • Single Replacement
  • Double Replacement
  • Combustion
• Balancing Chemical Equations
• Conservation of Mass in Reactions

6. Stoichiometry

• Mole Concept and Avogadro’s Number
• Molar Mass Calculation
• Stoichiometric Calculations
  • Reactant-product relationships
• Limiting Reactants
• Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield

7. Acids and Bases

• Definitions of Acids and Bases
  • Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, Lewis theories
• pH Scale and Calculations
• Acid-Base Reactions
• Titrations and Indicators
• Properties of Acids and Bases

8. Chemical Equilibrium

• Concept of Chemical Equilibrium
• Equilibrium Constant (Kc)
• Le Chatelier’s Principle
• Factors Affecting Equilibrium
  • Concentration, temperature, pressure

9. Organic Chemistry Basics

• Structure of Organic Compounds
• Functional Groups
• Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
• Isomerism
  • Structural isomers
  • Stereoisomers

10. Nuclear Chemistry

• Nuclear Reactions
• Radioactive Decay Processes
  • Alpha, Beta, Gamma decay
• Half-Life and Nuclear Stability
• Nuclear Fission and Fusion
• Applications of Nuclear Chemistry
  • Medicine (radiotherapy, diagnostics)
  • Energy production