Unit 543: Comprehensive Organic Chemistry

1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

• Definition of organic compounds
• Carbon bonding: tetravalency and catenation
• Overview of functional groups
• Importance of organic chemistry in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, materials, and petrochemicals

2. Alkanes and Alkenes

2.1 Structure and Nomenclature

• Saturated vs. unsaturated hydrocarbons
• IUPAC naming conventions for alkanes and alkenes

2.2 Physical Properties

• Boiling/melting points
• Solubility and density

2.3 Chemical Properties and Reactions

• Combustion
• Substitution reactions (alkanes)
• Addition reactions (alkenes)
• Markovnikov’s rule

3. Aromatic Compounds

3.1 Structure and Bonding

• Benzene structure and resonance
• Aromaticity criteria (Hückel’s rule)

3.2 Properties

• Stability and reactivity

3.3 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions

• Nitration
• Sulfonation
• Halogenation
• Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation

4. Alcohols and Ethers

4.1 Structure and Nomenclature

• Classification of alcohols (primary, secondary, tertiary)
• Naming ethers

4.2 Physical Properties

• Hydrogen bonding and effects on boiling points

4.3 Preparation Methods

• Hydration of alkenes
• Reduction of carbonyl compounds
• Williamson ether synthesis

4.4 Reactions

• Oxidation of alcohols
• Dehydration
• Ether cleavage

5. Carbonyl Compounds

5.1 Structure and Nomenclature

• Aldehydes and ketones

5.2 Physical Properties

• Polarity and boiling points

5.3 Reactions

• Nucleophilic addition mechanisms
• Oxidation and reduction reactions
• Formation of cyanohydrins and acetals

6. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

6.1 Structure and Nomenclature

• Carboxylic acids, esters, amides, acid chlorides

6.2 Physical Properties

• Acidity and hydrogen bonding

6.3 Reactions

• Acid-base reactions
• Nucleophilic acyl substitution
• Hydrolysis and synthesis of derivatives

6.4 Biological Significance

• Role in metabolism and biomolecules

7. Amines and Amides

7.1 Structure and Nomenclature

• Primary, secondary, tertiary amines
• Amides structure

7.2 Physical Properties

• Basicity trends
• Hydrogen bonding

7.3 Preparation Methods

• Reduction of nitro compounds
• Gabriel synthesis
• Hofmann rearrangement

7.4 Reactions

• Alkylation and acylation
• Amide hydrolysis

7.5 Biological Importance

• Neurotransmitters, proteins

8. Polymers

8.1 Concept and Classification

• Addition vs. condensation polymers

8.2 Synthesis Methods

• Polymerization techniques

8.3 Properties and Applications

• Mechanical, thermal properties
• Uses in packaging, textiles, biomedical devices

9. Spectroscopic Techniques in Organic Chemistry

9.1 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy

• Principle and characteristic absorption bands
• Identifying functional groups

9.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

• Basic principles
• Chemical shifts and splitting patterns

9.3 Mass Spectrometry

• Molecular ion peak and fragmentation patterns
• Molecular weight determination

9.4 Application

• Structural elucidation
• Compound identification