Unit Code : He/Os/Ch/Cr/03/6/A

1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

• Definition and scope of organic chemistry
• Importance of carbon and its bonding versatility
• Classification of organic compounds
• Overview of common functional groups

2. Structure and Bonding in Organic Molecules

• Types of chemical bonds: sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds
• Hybridization: sp, sp2, sp3
• Molecular geometry and bond angles
• Structural characteristics: chain, branched, cyclic compounds

3. Isomerism in Organic Chemistry

• Definition and significance of isomerism
• Structural (constitutional) isomerism: chain, position, functional group isomers
• Stereoisomerism: cis-trans (geometric) isomers, optical isomers
• Chirality and enantiomers

4. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

• IUPAC naming system principles
• Naming alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
• Naming compounds with functional groups (alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, etc.)
• Naming complex and substituted organic compounds

5. Functional Groups and Reactivity

• Common functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, halides, etc.
• Physical and chemical properties of functional groups
• Reactivity patterns and influence on organic reactions

6. Organic Reactions and Mechanisms

• Types of organic reactions: substitution, elimination, addition, oxidation-reduction
• Reaction mechanisms: nucleophilic and electrophilic attack
• Reaction intermediates: carbocations, carbanions, free radicals
• Energy profiles and transition states

7. Stereochemistry in Organic Chemistry

• Three-dimensional arrangement of atoms
• Chirality: chiral centers, R/S configuration
• Enantiomers and diastereomers
• Importance of stereochemistry in pharmaceuticals and biological systems

8. Introduction to Aromatic Compounds

• Structure and properties of benzene
• Concept of aromaticity and Huckel's rule
• Resonance in aromatic compounds
• Derivatives of benzene and their reactions

9. Spectroscopic Techniques in Organic Chemistry

• Infrared (IR) spectroscopy: functional group identification
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: proton and carbon environments
• Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy: conjugated systems
• Interpretation of spectroscopic data for structure elucidation

10. Organic Synthesis and Retrosynthesis

• Principles of organic synthesis
• Retrosynthetic analysis: breaking down complex molecules
• Functional group interconversions
• Designing multi-step synthesis pathways
• Examples of synthetic strategies for target molecules