Unit 547: Human Anatomy Comprehensive Overview

1. Introduction to Human Anatomy

• Overview of human body structure
• Levels of body organization: cells, tissues, organs, systems
• Anatomical positions and directional terms
• Body planes and sections
• Basic concepts: homeostasis, body cavities

2. Skeletal System

2.1 Types of Bones

• Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid bones

2.2 Bone Structure

• Compact vs spongy bone
• Bone marrow and its types
• Microscopic bone anatomy (osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts)

2.3 Functions of the Skeletal System

• Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production

2.4 Common Skeletal Disorders

• Osteoporosis, arthritis, fractures, scoliosis

3. Muscular System

3.1 Types of Muscles

• Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

3.2 Muscle Structure

• Muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres

3.3 Muscle Contraction

• Sliding filament theory
• Role of ATP and calcium ions

3.4 Interaction Between Muscles and Bones

• Tendons, joints, lever systems

3.5 Muscle-Related Injuries

• Strains, tears, cramps, muscular dystrophy

4. Cardiovascular System

4.1 Heart Structure and Function

• Chambers, valves, cardiac cycle

4.2 Blood Vessels

• Arteries, veins, capillaries

4.3 Blood Circulation

• Systemic, pulmonary, coronary circulation

4.4 Common Cardiovascular Diseases

• Hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke

5. Respiratory System

5.1 Organs Involved in Respiration

• Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

5.2 Mechanics of Breathing

• Inspiration and expiration
• Role of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

5.3 Gas Exchange

• Alveoli structure and function

5.4 Respiratory Disorders

• Asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, COPD

5.5 Role in Homeostasis

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide balance

6. Digestive System

6.1 Structure of Digestive Organs

• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs (liver, pancreas, gallbladder)

6.2 Functions of Digestive Organs

• Mechanical and chemical digestion

6.3 Nutrient Absorption

• Small intestine structure and function

6.4 Digestive Enzymes

• Amylase, protease, lipase

6.5 Common Digestive Disorders

• GERD, ulcers, IBS, Crohn's disease

7. Nervous System

7.1 Components

• Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system: somatic and autonomic

7.2 Nerve Impulses

• Neuron structure
• Action potential and synaptic transmission

7.3 Sensory Perception

• Sensory receptors and pathways

7.4 Motor Functions

• Voluntary and involuntary responses

7.5 Neurological Disorders

• Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy

8. Endocrine System

8.1 Major Endocrine Glands

• Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads

8.2 Hormone Regulation

• Feedback mechanisms

8.3 Role of Hormones

• Metabolism, growth, reproduction, stress response

8.4 Endocrine Disorders

• Diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, Addison’s disease

9. Reproductive System

9.1 Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

• Testes, penis, ducts, glands

9.2 Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

• Ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina

9.3 Gametogenesis

• Spermatogenesis and oogenesis

9.4 Hormonal Control of Reproduction

• Role of FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

9.5 Reproductive Health

• Fertility, contraception, sexually transmitted infections

10. Integumentary System

10.1 Structure of the Skin

• Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

10.2 Functions

• Protection, temperature regulation, sensory reception, vitamin D synthesis

10.3 Hair, Nails, and Associated Glands

• Hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands

10.4 Common Skin Conditions and Disorders

• Acne, eczema, psoriasis, skin cancer