Unit 2897: Structural Systems in Architecture

1. Introduction to Structural Systems

• Definition and role of structural systems in architecture
• Basic structural terminology (load, stress, strain, stability, etc.)
• Relationship between architectural form and structural function
• Overview of structural system categories

2. Load-Bearing Systems

• Concept of load transfer from building to foundation
• Types of load-bearing systems:
  • Masonry structures
    • Characteristics and materials
    • Load transfer and limitations
  • Timber structures
    • Types of timber framing
    • Strength and durability considerations
  • Concrete structures
    • Reinforced and prestressed concrete
    • Load distribution and construction methods

3. Framed Structures

• Definition and importance of framed structures
• Components:
  • Beams
  • Columns
  • Connections (rigid, pinned, semi-rigid)
• Structural stability and load paths
• Benefits: flexibility and adaptability in design

4. Truss Systems

• Introduction to truss systems and their function
• Types of trusses:
  • Pratt
  • Warren
  • Howe
  • K-truss
• Load-bearing capabilities and efficiency
• Applications in roofs, bridges, and large-span buildings

5. Shell Structures

• Concept and definition of shell structures
• Architectural and structural properties:
  • Thin curved surfaces
  • Load distribution via membrane action
• Design principles and analysis methods
• Construction techniques and materials (concrete shells, steel shells, composites)
• Structural efficiency and aesthetic appeal

6. Tensile Structures

• Principles of tensile architecture
• Types of tensile structures:
  • Cable nets
  • Fabric membranes
  • Pneumatic structures
• Materials used (PTFE, PVC-coated fabrics, steel cables)
• Form-finding and tensioning techniques
• Modern applications and case examples

7. Sustainable Structural Systems

• Introduction to sustainability in structural design
• Green building materials (recycled steel, bamboo, low-carbon concrete)
• Energy-efficient structural systems
• Passive design strategies influencing structural choices
• Integration of sustainability in design and construction

8. Seismic Design Principles

• Earthquake effects on buildings
• Structural resilience concepts
• Seismic isolation and energy dissipation
• Relevant building codes and standards
• Design strategies to mitigate seismic risks

9. Case Studies in Structural Innovation

• Analysis of iconic buildings with innovative structures
• Examples:
  • The Sydney Opera House (shell structures)
  • The Eden Project (geodesic domes)
  • The Beijing National Stadium (truss and tensile systems)
• Discussion of design challenges and solutions
• Lessons learned and future trends in structural innovation