Unit 369: Computer Networking Fundamentals

1. Introduction to Computer Networking

• Definition and importance of computer networking
• Key terminologies: nodes, links, bandwidth, latency, protocols
• Basic network components: routers, switches, hubs, modems, servers, clients

2. Types of Networks

• Local Area Network (LAN)
  • Characteristics and typical use cases
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
  • Characteristics and examples
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
  • Definition and application scenarios
• Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
  • Wi-Fi basics and coverage

3. Network Topologies

• Bus Topology
  • Structure, advantages, disadvantages
• Star Topology
  • Structure, advantages, disadvantages
• Ring Topology
  • Structure, advantages, disadvantages
• Mesh Topology
  • Full and partial mesh, pros and cons
• Hybrid Topology
  • Combination of topologies, use cases

4. Network Protocols

• TCP/IP Protocol Suite
  • Overview and significance
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
  • Web communication basics
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
  • File exchange over networks
• Other important protocols: SMTP, DHCP, DNS (brief overview)

5. OSI Model

• Purpose and importance
• Seven layers explained:
  1. Physical
  2. Data Link
  3. Network
  4. Transport
  5. Session
  6. Presentation
  7. Application
• Examples of protocols and devices at each layer

6. IP Addressing and Subnetting

• IPv4 addressing structure and classes
• IPv6 introduction and advantages
• Subnetting concepts and subnet masks
• Assigning IP addresses: static vs dynamic (DHCP)
• Calculating subnets and hosts

7. Network Security

• Common network threats: malware, phishing, DoS attacks
• Encryption techniques and protocols (SSL/TLS, VPN)
• Firewalls: types and functions
• Best security practices: strong passwords, updates, segmentation

8. Wireless Networking

• Wi-Fi standards and frequencies
• Bluetooth technology basics and use cases
• Cellular networks: 3G, 4G, 5G overview
• Challenges: interference, security, range

9. Network Troubleshooting

• Common network issues: connectivity, slow speeds, IP conflicts
• Troubleshooting methodologies: identify, isolate, resolve
• Tools: ping, traceroute, ipconfig/ifconfig, nslookup
• Practical examples and case studies

10. Cloud Computing and Networking

• Role of networking in cloud computing
• Virtualization concepts
• Software-Defined Networking (SDN) overview
• Impact on modern network infrastructures and future trends