Unit 1604: Pathophysiology

1. Introduction to Pathophysiology

• Definition and scope of pathophysiology
• Cellular alterations: adaptation, injury, and death
• Disease processes: etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations

2. Homeostasis and Cellular Function

• Concept of homeostasis and biological balance
• Cellular structure and function overview
• Mechanisms maintaining cellular homeostasis
• Disruption of homeostasis and disease development

3. Inflammation and Immune Response

• Acute vs chronic inflammation
• Cellular and molecular mediators of inflammation
• Innate and adaptive immune responses
• Role of inflammation and immunity in disease

4. Genetic and Developmental Disorders

• Genetic mutations: types and effects
• Inherited diseases and chromosomal abnormalities
• Congenital anomalies and developmental defects
• Genetic testing and counseling implications

5. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology

• Overview of cardiovascular system function
• Hypertension: causes, mechanisms, and effects
• Coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia
• Heart failure: pathophysiology and clinical features
• Cardiac dysrhythmias: mechanisms and consequences

6. Respiratory System Disorders

• Structure and function of the respiratory system
• Asthma: pathogenesis and clinical presentation
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Respiratory infections: pneumonia, tuberculosis, others

7. Neurological Disorders

• Nervous system anatomy and physiology review
• Stroke: ischemic and hemorrhagic mechanisms
• Epilepsy: pathophysiology and seizure types
• Alzheimer's disease: neurodegenerative processes
• Multiple sclerosis: autoimmune demyelination

8. Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

• Endocrine system overview
• Diabetes mellitus: types, pathophysiology, and complications
• Thyroid disorders: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
• Metabolic syndrome and its clinical significance

9. Renal and Urinary System Disorders

• Kidney and urinary system function
• Chronic kidney disease: causes and progression
• Urinary tract infections: pathophysiology
• Renal failure: acute and chronic mechanisms

10. Gastrointestinal Disorders

• Gastrointestinal tract anatomy and physiology
• Peptic ulcer disease: causes and effects
• Inflammatory bowel diseases: Crohn's and ulcerative colitis
• Liver disorders: hepatitis, cirrhosis
• Pancreatitis: acute and chronic forms

11. Oncology and Cancer Pathophysiology

• Cancer biology fundamentals
• Genetic mutations and oncogenes
• Tumor progression and metastasis
• Environmental and lifestyle risk factors
• Principles of cancer treatment

12. Infectious Diseases

• Pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
• Mechanisms of infection and host response
• Immune system role in infectious diseases
• Examples of common infectious diseases and their pathophysiology