Unit 3000 - Comprehensive Metabolism

1. Introduction to Metabolism

1.1 Basic Concepts

• Definition of metabolism
• Overview of catabolism and anabolism
• Energy transfer in biological systems (ATP, NADH, FADH2)

1.2 Role of Enzymes

• Enzyme structure and function
• Catalysis and activation energy
• Enzyme regulation in metabolism

2. Carbohydrate Metabolism

2.1 Glycolysis

• Overview and key steps
• Energy yield and intermediates

2.2 Gluconeogenesis

• Purpose and major substrates
• Key enzymes and regulation

2.3 Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

• Steps and importance in energy production
• Connection to other metabolic pathways

2.4 Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels

• Hormonal control (insulin, glucagon)
• Mechanisms maintaining homeostasis

3. Lipid Metabolism

3.1 Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta-Oxidation)

• Process and energy yield
• Transport into mitochondria

3.2 Fatty Acid Synthesis

• Location and key enzymes
• Regulation mechanisms

3.3 Ketogenesis

• Formation and physiological role of ketone bodies

3.4 Lipoproteins and Lipid Transport

• Types of lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, VLDL)
• Role in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health

4. Protein Metabolism

4.1 Protein Digestion

• Enzymes involved and absorption

4.2 Amino Acid Metabolism

• Transamination and deamination
• Role in energy production

4.3 Urea Cycle

• Detoxification of ammonia
• Cycle steps and regulation

4.4 Protein Turnover

• Importance and pathways
• Regulation under physiological conditions

5. Metabolic Regulation

5.1 Hormonal Control

• Role of insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol

5.2 Allosteric Regulation

• Mechanisms and examples in key enzymes

5.3 Integration and Homeostasis

• Coordination of metabolic pathways
• Responses to fasting and feeding states

6. Metabolic Disorders

6.1 Diabetes Mellitus

• Types, causes, biochemical basis
• Symptoms and complications

6.2 Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

• Pathophysiology and metabolic implications

6.3 Inherited Metabolic Disorders

• Examples (e.g., phenylketonuria, glycogen storage diseases)
• Genetic basis and treatments

7. Metabolism in Different Tissues

7.1 Liver Metabolism

• Central hub for metabolic regulation

7.2 Muscle Metabolism

• Energy sources during rest and exercise

7.3 Adipose Tissue

• Lipid storage and mobilization

7.4 Brain Metabolism

• Glucose dependence and alternative fuels

8. Metabolism and Exercise

8.1 Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise

• Short-term and long-term adaptations

8.2 Energy Systems During Exercise

• ATP-PC system, glycolytic system, oxidative phosphorylation

8.3 Nutrition and Performance

• Macronutrient needs
• Timing and supplementation