Unit 2991: Comprehensive Genetics

1. Introduction to Genetics

• Definition and scope of genetics
• Genes and chromosomes: Structure and function
• DNA: Composition and double helix model
• Basic inheritance patterns: Phenotype vs genotype
• Overview of genetic variability

2. Mendelian Genetics

• Gregor Mendel's life and experiments
• Mendel’s laws of inheritance: Law of segregation and independent assortment
• Dominant and recessive traits
• Punnett squares: Predicting genotypic and phenotypic ratios
• Types of genetic crosses: Monohybrid, dihybrid, test crosses

3. Non-Mendelian Inheritance

• Incomplete dominance: Definition and examples
• Codominance: Characteristics and examples
• Multiple alleles: Blood group system (ABO)
• Sex-linked traits: X-linked and Y-linked inheritance
• Mitochondrial inheritance overview

4. Genetic Disorders

• Causes of genetic disorders: Mutations and chromosomal abnormalities
• Cystic fibrosis: Genetic basis, symptoms, inheritance pattern
• Sickle cell anemia: Mutation and molecular effect
• Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, phenotypic effects
• Huntington’s disease: Autosomal dominant inheritance, symptoms

5. Molecular Genetics

• DNA structure revisited: Nucleotides, antiparallel strands
• RNA types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and their functions
• DNA replication: Mechanism and enzymes involved
• Transcription: Process and regulation
• Translation: Protein synthesis, codons, ribosomes
• Gene regulation: Operons, epigenetic controls

6. Population Genetics

• Genetic composition of populations: Gene pools and allele frequencies
• Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: Assumptions and applications
• Factors influencing genetic variation: Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift
• Natural selection and adaptation
• Speciation basics

7. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Principle and applications
• Gene cloning and recombinant DNA technology
• Genetic modification of organisms (GMOs): Methods and uses
• Gene therapy: Approaches and challenges
• Ethical, legal, and social implications of genetic engineering

8. Epigenetics

• Definition and mechanisms: DNA methylation, histone modification
• Environmental influences on gene expression
• Epigenetic inheritance patterns
• Role of epigenetics in development, health, and disease

9. Genomics and Personalized Medicine

• Genome sequencing technologies
• Genetic testing: Types and clinical applications
• Pharmacogenomics: Drug responses based on genetic profiles
• Personalized treatment plans
• Future prospects and challenges in genomics