Unit 2113: Fluid Mechanics and Applications

1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

1.1 Fundamental Concepts

• Definition and scope of fluid mechanics
• Distinction between solids, liquids, and gases

1.2 Properties of Fluids

• Density, specific weight, specific gravity
• Viscosity and its significance
• Surface tension and capillarity

1.3 Fluid Statics

• Pressure at a point in a fluid
• Pascal’s Law and atmospheric pressure
• Hydrostatic pressure distribution
• Manometers and pressure measurement

1.4 Differences between Liquids and Gases

• Compressibility
• Flow characteristics

2. Fluid Dynamics

2.1 Fluid Flow Behavior

• Types of flow: steady vs unsteady, laminar vs turbulent
• Streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines

2.2 Continuity Equation

• Principle of mass conservation
• Mathematical formulation and applications

2.3 Bernoulli's Equation

• Energy conservation in fluid flow
• Derivation and assumptions
• Practical applications and limitations

2.4 Applications of Fluid Dynamics

• Airflow over wings
• Water supply systems
• HVAC systems

3. Fluid Flow in Pipes

3.1 Flow Regimes

• Laminar flow characteristics and Reynolds number
• Turbulent flow characteristics

3.2 Friction Losses in Pipes

• Darcy-Weisbach equation
• Moody chart and friction factor

3.3 Head Losses

• Major losses due to pipe friction
• Minor losses due to fittings, valves, bends

3.4 Pipe Networks

• Series and parallel pipe systems
• Analysis of complex pipe networks

4. Energy Conversion in Fluid Systems

4.1 Concept of Work and Energy in Fluids

• Work done by/on fluid
• Energy transfer mechanisms

4.2 Pumps

• Types and working principles
• Head developed and power input

4.3 Turbines

• Types and working principles
• Power output and efficiency

4.4 Efficiency Calculations

• Pump and turbine efficiencies
• Overall system performance impact

5. Hydraulic Machines

5.1 Pumps

• Centrifugal and positive displacement pumps
• Characteristic curves and selection criteria

5.2 Turbines

• Reaction and impulse turbines
• Operating conditions and applications

5.3 Hydraulic Systems

• Components and working principles
• Design considerations for efficiency

6. Fluid Power Systems

6.1 Hydraulic Systems

• Basics of hydraulic power transmission
• Components: cylinders, pumps, valves

6.2 Pneumatic Systems

• Compressed air fundamentals
• Components and control valves

6.3 System Design Considerations

• Pressure losses, flow control, safety
• Industrial applications

7. Renewable Energy from Fluids

7.1 Hydroelectric Power

• Principles and design considerations
• Environmental impacts

7.2 Wind Turbines

• Aerodynamics of wind energy
• Power extraction and efficiency

7.3 Tidal Energy

• Mechanisms and site considerations
• Environmental and engineering challenges

8. Fluid-Structure Interaction

8.1 Flow-Induced Vibrations

• Causes and effects
• Examples in engineering structures

8.2 Drag Forces on Structures

• Types of drag
• Calculation methods and mitigation

8.3 Design Considerations

• Minimizing structural damage
• Material selection and shape optimization