Unit 2206: Fluid Dynamics

1. Introduction to Fluid Dynamics

• Definition of fluids
• Properties of fluids: density, viscosity, compressibility, surface tension
• Differences between liquids and gases
• Importance and scope of fluid dynamics

2. Fluid Statics

• Behavior of fluids at rest
• Pressure in a fluid at rest
  • Pressure distribution
  • Hydrostatic pressure and its calculation
• Buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle
• Applications of fluid statics

3. Fluid Kinematics

• Description of fluid motion without forces
• Flow visualization techniques
• Velocity field and velocity vectors
• Streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines
• Types of flow: steady vs unsteady, uniform vs non-uniform

4. Continuity Equation

• Conservation of mass principle
• Derivation of continuity equation
• Mass flow rate and volumetric flow rate
• Applications in pipe systems and open channel flow

5. Bernoulli's Equation

• Energy conservation in flowing fluids
• Bernoulli’s equation derivation and assumptions
• Relationship between pressure, velocity, and elevation
• Applications: Venturi effect, flow measurement, lift generation

6. Viscous Flow

• Concept of viscosity and shear stress
• Newtonian vs non-Newtonian fluids
• Laminar and turbulent flow regimes
• Reynolds number and its significance
• Introduction to Navier-Stokes equations
• Effects of viscosity on flow behavior

7. Drag and Lift

• Definition and origin of drag and lift forces
• Factors affecting drag and lift (shape, velocity, fluid properties)
• Drag coefficient and its determination
• Lift generation on airfoils and wings
• Practical examples: aircraft, automobiles

8. Flow Measurement Techniques

• Overview of flow measurement importance
• Flow meters: types and working principles
  • Pitot tubes
  • Venturi meters
  • Orifice plates
  • Ultrasonic flow meters
• Advantages and limitations of each technique

9. Applications of Fluid Dynamics

• Aerodynamics in aviation and automotive design
• Hydraulic systems and fluid transport
• Weather patterns and atmospheric flows
• Medical devices involving fluid flow (e.g., blood flow analysis)
• Emerging technologies and research areas