Unit 1976: Electromagnetics

1. Introduction to Electromagnetics

• Overview of electromagnetics and its significance
• Electric fields and magnetic fields: basic definitions
• Electromagnetic waves: nature and examples
• Introduction to Maxwell's equations

2. Electric Fields

2.1 Coulomb's Law

• Point charges and force interaction
• Mathematical formulation

2.2 Electric Field Intensity

• Definition and vector representation
• Superposition principle

2.3 Electric Flux

• Concept of flux through surfaces
• Electric flux density

2.4 Gauss's Law

• Statement and mathematical form
• Applications for symmetric charge distributions

3. Magnetic Fields

3.1 Magnetic Field Intensity

• Definition and units
• Magnetic field due to current elements

3.2 Magnetic Flux

• Magnetic flux and flux density
• Magnetic circuits and analogy with electric circuits

3.3 Magnetic Materials

• Types (diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic)
• Hysteresis and permeability

3.4 Ampere's Law

• Statement and integral form
• Applications to solenoids and toroids

4. Electromagnetic Induction

4.1 Faraday's Law of Induction

• Induced emf and flux change

4.2 Lenz's Law

• Direction of induced currents

4.3 Induced Electromotive Force (emf)

• Motional emf and transformer emf

4.4 Inductance

• Self-inductance and energy stored

4.5 Mutual Inductance

• Coupling between circuits
• Coefficient of coupling

5. Electromagnetic Waves

5.1 Nature of Electromagnetic Waves

• Wave generation and propagation
• Transverse nature

5.2 Wave Propagation in Different Mediums

• Conductors, dielectrics, and free space
• Reflection, refraction, and absorption

5.3 Wave Polarization

• Linear, circular, and elliptical polarization

5.4 Wave Equations

• Derivation from Maxwell's equations
• Solutions in free space

5.5 Speed of Light

• Relation to permittivity and permeability
• Measurement and significance

6. Transmission Lines

6.1 Behavior of Electromagnetic Waves on Transmission Lines

• Voltage and current waves
• Characteristic impedance

6.2 Impedance Matching

• Importance and methods

6.3 Reflection and Standing Waves

• Reflection coefficient
• Standing wave ratio (SWR)

6.4 Smith Charts

• Construction and practical use
• Solving transmission line problems

7. Antennas and Radiating Systems

7.1 Principles of Antenna Theory

• Radiation mechanism
• Reciprocity theorem

7.2 Radiation Patterns

• Main lobes, side lobes, beamwidth

7.3 Antenna Types

• Dipole, monopole, loop, array antennas

7.4 Antenna Arrays

• Array factor and pattern synthesis

7.5 Antenna Gain and Efficiency

• Definitions and measurement
• Factors affecting antenna performance

8. Maxwell's Equations

• Integral and differential forms
• Physical interpretation of each equation
• Boundary conditions
• Applications to static and dynamic fields

9. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

9.1 Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues

• Sources and effects of EMI
• EMS and system vulnerability

9.2 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

• Types and coupling mechanisms
• Measurement and standards

9.3 Shielding Techniques

• Materials and design considerations
• Filtering and grounding

9.4 EMC Standards

• Regulatory bodies and compliance
• Testing procedures