Unit 230: Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Overview of anatomy (structure) and physiology (function)
• Levels of organization: cells, tissues, organs, systems
• Homeostasis and its importance

2. Skeletal System

• Structure and composition of bones
• Functions: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production
• Types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular
• Joints and their classifications
• Interaction with muscular system for movement

3. Muscular System

• Types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• Roles: movement, posture maintenance, heat production
• Muscle anatomy: muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres
• Mechanism of muscle contraction (sliding filament theory)

4. Cardiovascular System

• Components: heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood
• Structure and function of the heart
• Cardiac cycle: systole and diastole phases
• Blood circulation pathways: systemic and pulmonary
• Blood pressure regulation and factors affecting it

5. Respiratory System

• Anatomy: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
• Mechanics of breathing: inspiration and expiration
• Gas exchange process in alveoli
• Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
• Common respiratory disorders

6. Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): sensory and motor neurons
• Neuron structure and function
• Sensory perception and motor control
• Coordination and reflex arcs

7. Endocrine System

• Major endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, etc.)
• Hormones: types and mechanisms of action
• Regulation of metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress response
• Feedback mechanisms in hormone regulation

8. Digestive System

• Structure: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum
• Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder
• Processes: ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
• Enzymatic breakdown of nutrients

9. Urinary System

• Components: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• Functions: filtration of blood, fluid balance, electrolyte regulation, waste excretion
• Nephron structure and role
• Urine formation and micturition process

10. Reproductive System

• Male reproductive anatomy: testes, vas deferens, prostate, penis
• Female reproductive anatomy: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
• Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and oogenesis
• Fertilization and early development
• Hormonal regulation of reproduction