Unit 94: Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Overview of anatomy and physiology
• Levels of structural organization: cells, tissues, organs, systems
• Major organ systems overview
• Homeostasis: definition and importance

2. Cells and Tissues

• Cell structure and function
  • Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles
• Types of cells in the human body
• Tissue types
  • Epithelial tissue: structure, function, locations
  • Connective tissue: types (bone, cartilage, blood, adipose), functions
  • Muscle tissue: types and characteristics
  • Nervous tissue: structure and role
• Integration of cells and tissues to form organs

3. Skeletal System

• Overview and functions of the skeletal system
• Bone structure and types
• Joints: classification and function
• Cartilage types and role
• Bone growth and remodeling
• Functions: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation

4. Muscular System

• Types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
• Muscle anatomy
• Mechanisms of muscle contraction
• Role in movement and posture
• Muscle metabolism and energy usage

5. Nervous System

• Organization: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Neuron structure and function
• Brain and spinal cord anatomy
• Sensory input and motor output pathways
• Reflexes and voluntary control
• Nervous system integration with other systems

6. Cardiovascular System

• Heart anatomy and physiology
• Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
• Blood composition and functions
• Circulatory pathways: systemic and pulmonary
• Transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products

7. Respiratory System

• Anatomy of the respiratory system: airways, lungs
• Physiology of breathing: inhalation and exhalation
• Gas exchange mechanisms
• Regulation of respiration
• Role in acid-base balance

8. Digestive System

• Anatomy of digestive organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
• Processes of digestion: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion
• Absorption and assimilation of nutrients
• Waste elimination

9. Endocrine System

• Glands and hormone overview
• Major endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, etc.
• Hormonal regulation of metabolism, growth, and reproduction
• Feedback mechanisms
• Interaction with nervous system

10. Reproductive System

• Male reproductive anatomy and physiology
• Female reproductive anatomy and physiology
• Gamete production and fertilization
• Pregnancy and fetal development
• Hormonal regulation of reproductive functions