Unit 841: Database Management Systems

1. Introduction to Database Management Systems (DBMS)

• Definition and purpose of DBMS
• Components of DBMS: Hardware, Software, Data, Procedures, and Database Access Language
• Functions of a DBMS: Data storage, retrieval, and update
• Advantages of using DBMS over traditional file systems
• Examples of popular DBMS (e.g., MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server)

2. Relational Database Model

• Overview of the relational model
• Structure of relational databases: Tables (relations), rows (tuples), columns (attributes)
• Keys:
  • Primary keys
  • Foreign keys
  • Candidate keys
• Relationships between tables:
  • One-to-One
  • One-to-Many
  • Many-to-Many
• Introduction to normalization:
  • Purpose and benefits
  • Normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF) overview

3. SQL Fundamentals

• Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL)
• Basic SQL syntax and conventions
• Data Querying:
  • SELECT statement
  • Filtering data using WHERE clause
  • Sorting results using ORDER BY
• CRUD Operations:
  • CREATE: INSERT statements
  • READ: SELECT queries
  • UPDATE: Updating records
  • DELETE: Removing records
• Introduction to simple JOIN operations

4. Database Design and Entity-Relationship (ER) Modeling

• Principles of good database design
• Entities, attributes, and relationships
• Types of relationships: Unary, binary, ternary
• Cardinality and participation constraints
• Creating ER diagrams:
  • Symbols and notation
  • Identifying entities and relationships
  • Mapping ER diagrams to relational schema

5. Normalization and Database Optimization

• Detailed exploration of normalization:
  • First Normal Form (1NF)
  • Second Normal Form (2NF)
  • Third Normal Form (3NF)
  • Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) overview
• Problems caused by denormalization (redundancy, anomalies)
• Database optimization techniques:
  • Indexing (clustered, non-clustered)
  • Query optimization strategies
  • Use of views and stored procedures

6. Data Integrity and Constraints

• Concept of data integrity:
  • Entity integrity
  • Referential integrity
  • Domain integrity
• Constraints in DBMS:
  • Primary key constraints
  • Foreign key constraints
  • Unique constraints
  • Check constraints
• Enforcing data accuracy and consistency

7. Transactions and Concurrency Control

• Definition and importance of transactions
• ACID properties:
  • Atomicity
  • Consistency
  • Isolation
  • Durability
• Concurrency control mechanisms:
  • Locking protocols
  • Deadlock handling
  • Isolation levels

8. Backup and Recovery Strategies

• Importance of backup and recovery
• Types of backups:
  • Full backups
  • Incremental backups
  • Differential backups
• Recovery procedures:
  • Restore operations
  • Point-in-time recovery
• Disaster recovery planning and best practices

9. Database Security and Authorization

• Importance of database security
• Authentication techniques
• Authorization and access control:
  • Roles and privileges
  • Grant and revoke statements
• Security threats:
  • SQL injection
  • Insider threats
• Best practices for securing databases

10. NoSQL Databases and Big Data

• Introduction to NoSQL databases
• Characteristics of NoSQL:
  • Schema flexibility
  • Scalability
• Types of NoSQL databases:
  • Document stores
  • Key-value stores
  • Column-family stores
  • Graph databases
• Use cases for NoSQL databases
• Role of NoSQL in managing Big Data
• Comparison between relational and NoSQL databases