Unit 3121: Comprehensive Chemistry Principles

1. Introduction to Chemical Principles

• Definition of chemistry and its importance
• Atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds
• Types of chemical reactions (synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion)
• Conservation of mass in chemical reactions

2. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

• Structure of the atom: protons, neutrons, electrons
• Atomic number, mass number, isotopes
• Electron configuration and energy levels
• Development and layout of the periodic table
• Periodic trends: atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity

3. Chemical Bonding

• Overview of chemical bonds
• Ionic Bonds: formation, properties, examples
• Covalent Bonds: single, double, triple bonds; polarity; molecular geometry
• Metallic Bonds: characteristics and applications
• Intermolecular forces overview

4. Stoichiometry

• Balancing chemical equations
• Mole concept and molar mass
• Calculating reactant and product quantities
• Limiting reactant and excess reactant determination
• Percent yield and theoretical yield calculations

5. Gas Laws

• Properties of gases and ideal gas assumptions
• Boyle's Law: pressure-volume relationship
• Charles's Law: volume-temperature relationship
• Gay-Lussac’s Law: pressure-temperature relationship
• Combined Gas Law
• Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT
• Applications and problem-solving with gas laws

6. Acids and Bases

• Definitions: Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis
• Properties of acids and bases
• pH scale and pOH
• Acid-base neutralization reactions
• Strong vs weak acids and bases
• Applications in industry and everyday life

7. Chemical Equilibrium

• Dynamic nature of equilibrium
• Equilibrium constant (K) and its interpretation
• Le Chatelier's Principle: effects of concentration, temperature, pressure
• Calculations involving equilibrium concentrations

8. Thermochemistry

• Energy changes in chemical reactions
• Enthalpy (ΔH): exothermic and endothermic reactions
• Entropy (ΔS) and disorder
• Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) and spontaneity
• Calorimetry basics

9. Electrochemistry

• Redox reactions: oxidation and reduction
• Assigning oxidation states
• Electrochemical cells: galvanic and electrolytic
• Standard electrode potentials
• Applications: batteries, corrosion, electrolysis

10. Organic Chemistry Basics

• Introduction to organic compounds and carbon bonding
• Functional groups overview (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, etc.)
• Nomenclature rules for simple organic molecules
• Basic organic reactions: substitution, addition, elimination