Unit 113 - Medical Pathology

1. Introduction to Medical Pathology

• Definition and scope of medical pathology
• Importance in diagnosis and patient management
• Roles and responsibilities of pathologists
• Subspecialties within pathology

2. Cellular Injury and Adaptations

• Normal cell structure and function overview
• Types of cellular adaptations:
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Metaplasia
• Mechanisms of cell injury:
  • Hypoxia and ischemia
  • Chemical injury
  • Physical agents
  • Infectious agents
• Reversible vs irreversible injury
• Cell death: apoptosis and necrosis

3. Inflammation and Repair

• Definition and purpose of inflammation
• Types of inflammation: acute and chronic
• Cellular and molecular mediators of inflammation
• Cardinal signs of inflammation
• Outcomes of inflammation
• Tissue repair processes:
  • Regeneration
  • Healing by fibrosis
• Factors affecting healing

4. Neoplasia and Cancer

• Definition of neoplasia
• Characteristics of benign vs malignant tumors
• Classification and nomenclature of tumors
• Cancer development:
  • Initiation, promotion, progression
  • Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
  • Role of genetics and epigenetics
• Environmental carcinogens
• Metastasis and invasion mechanisms
• Clinical implications and diagnosis

5. Infectious Diseases

• Overview of infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
• Modes of transmission
• Host-pathogen interactions and immune response
• Pathology of common infectious diseases:
  • Tuberculosis
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Hepatitis
  • Influenza
• Diagnostic methods in infectious pathology

6. Cardiovascular Pathology

• Common cardiovascular diseases overview
• Atherosclerosis:
  • Pathogenesis
  • Risk factors
• Hypertension and its pathological effects
• Myocardial infarction:
  • Pathophysiology
  • Complications
• Heart failure:
  • Types and causes
  • Morphological changes

7. Respiratory Pathology

• Overview of respiratory system diseases
• Pneumonia:
  • Types and pathological features
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):
  • Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
• Asthma:
  • Pathogenesis and morphology
• Lung cancer:
  • Types
  • Risk factors
  • Pathological features

8. Gastrointestinal Pathology

• Common gastrointestinal diseases
• Gastritis and peptic ulcers:
  • Causes and pathology
• Inflammatory bowel disease:
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Ulcerative colitis
• Colorectal cancer:
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Morphology

9. Renal Pathology

• Overview of kidney structure and function
• Acute renal failure:
  • Causes
  • Pathological changes
• Chronic renal failure and progression
• Glomerulonephritis:
  • Types
  • Pathogenesis
• Renal cysts and tumors

10. Endocrine Pathology

• Overview of endocrine system pathologies
• Thyroid disorders:
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Thyroid cancers
• Diabetes mellitus:
  • Types
  • Pathophysiology
• Adrenal gland disorders:
  • Addison’s disease
  • Cushing’s syndrome
• Diagnostic approaches in endocrine pathology