Unit 376: Human Pathology

1. Introduction to Human Pathology

• Definition and scope of pathology
• Importance in medical science and healthcare
• Relationship between pathology and clinical medicine
• Overview of disease processes

2. Cellular Adaptations, Injury, and Death

• Cellular adaptations to stress
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Metaplasia
• Mechanisms of cellular injury
  • Causes: hypoxia, chemical agents, physical agents, infectious agents
  • Pathogenesis of injury
• Types of cell death
  • Necrosis (coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, gangrenous)
  • Apoptosis

3. Inflammation and Healing

• Inflammatory response
  • Purpose and significance
  • Acute inflammation: vascular changes, cellular events
  • Chemical mediators of inflammation
• Chronic inflammation
  • Causes and features
  • Granulomatous inflammation
• Tissue healing and repair
  • Regeneration vs. repair
  • Phases of wound healing
  • Factors affecting healing

4. Neoplasia and Cancer

• Definition and terminology
• Characteristics of neoplastic growth
  • Benign vs malignant tumors
  • Tumor nomenclature
• Carcinogenesis
  • Initiation, promotion, progression
  • Genetic and environmental factors
• Tumor biology
  • Growth kinetics
  • Invasion and metastasis
• Clinical implications and diagnosis

5. Cardiovascular Pathology

• Overview of cardiovascular system pathology
• Atherosclerosis
  • Pathogenesis
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical consequences
• Hypertension
  • Types and pathophysiology
• Myocardial infarction
  • Causes and pathology
  • Complications
• Other common cardiovascular diseases

6. Respiratory Pathology

• Structure and function of the respiratory system
• Pneumonia
  • Types and causative agents
  • Pathological features
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
  • Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
• Lung cancer
  • Types
  • Risk factors
  • Pathogenesis

7. Gastrointestinal Pathology

• Overview of the digestive system pathology
• Gastritis and peptic ulcers
  • Causes and pathology
• Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
• Liver cirrhosis
  • Etiology and pathological changes

8. Renal Pathology

• Kidney and urinary system overview
• Glomerulonephritis
  • Types and mechanisms
• Renal failure
  • Acute vs chronic
• Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)
  • Types and pathophysiology

9. Neurological Pathology

• Nervous system pathology overview
• Alzheimer’s disease
  • Pathology and clinical features
• Parkinson’s disease
  • Pathogenesis
• Multiple sclerosis
  • Demyelination and clinical presentation
• Stroke
  • Ischemic and hemorrhagic types

10. Infectious Diseases

• Pathology of infectious diseases
  • Bacterial infections
  • Viral infections
  • Fungal infections
  • Parasitic infections
• Host immune response
  • Innate and adaptive immunity
  • Pathogen evasion strategies
• Clinical relevance and diagnostic approaches