Unit 196: Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Overview of anatomy (structure) and physiology (function)
• Anatomical terminology: directional terms, body planes, and cavities
• Levels of structural organization: cells, tissues, organs, systems
• Homeostasis and its importance

2. Skeletal System

• Functions of the skeletal system: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production
• Bone structure and types
• Joints: classification and movement types
• Associated tissues: cartilage, ligaments

3. Muscular System

• Types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• Muscle anatomy: muscle fibers, myofibrils
• Mechanism of muscle contraction
• Roles of muscles: movement, posture maintenance, heat generation

4. Cardiovascular System

• Components: heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood
• Structure and function of the heart
• Circulatory pathways: systemic and pulmonary circulation
• Transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products

5. Respiratory System

• Anatomy: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Mechanism of breathing: inhalation and exhalation
• Gas exchange process in alveoli
• Regulation of respiration

6. Digestive System

• Major organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas
• Processes: ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
• Role of accessory organs
• Nutrient absorption and metabolism

7. Nervous System

• Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system: nerves and ganglia
• Neuron structure and function
• Nervous system roles: sensory input, integration, motor output

8. Endocrine System

• Overview of endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, etc.
• Hormones and their mechanisms of action
• Regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproduction
• Feedback mechanisms

9. Urinary System

• Components: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• Functions: urine formation, filtration, reabsorption, secretion
• Role in fluid and electrolyte balance
• Regulation of blood pressure and pH

10. Reproductive System

• Male reproductive anatomy and function
• Female reproductive anatomy and function
• Hormonal regulation of reproductive processes
• Overview of human reproduction and development