Unit 116: Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

1.1 Overview of the Human Body

• Definition of anatomy and physiology
• Levels of structural organization (chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal)

1.2 Anatomical Terminology

• Directional terms (anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, etc.)
• Body planes and sections (sagittal, coronal, transverse)
• Body cavities and regions

1.3 Relationship Between Anatomy and Physiology

• Structure-function correlation
• Examples illustrating interdependence

2. Skeletal System

2.1 Structure of the Skeletal System

• Bone types and classifications
• Components: bones, joints, cartilage

2.2 Functions of the Skeletal System

• Support and shape
• Protection of vital organs
• Facilitation of movement
• Mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus)
• Blood cell production (hematopoiesis)

2.3 Joints and Cartilage

• Types of joints (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial)
• Structure and function of cartilage

3. Muscular System

3.1 Types of Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle

3.2 Muscle Structure and Function

• Muscle fiber anatomy
• Sliding filament theory

3.3 Muscle Contraction

• Neuromuscular junction
• Role of actin, myosin, ATP, calcium

3.4 Roles of Muscles

• Movement
• Posture maintenance
• Heat production

3.5 Interaction with Nervous System

• Motor neurons and muscle control

4. Nervous System

4.1 Overview

• Divisions: Central nervous system (CNS), Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

4.2 Central Nervous System

• Brain structure and functions
• Spinal cord functions

4.3 Peripheral Nervous System

• Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
• Nerve structure and function

4.4 Functions of the Nervous System

• Sensory input
• Integration of information
• Motor output

5. Cardiovascular System

5.1 Structure

• Heart anatomy
• Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
• Blood components

5.2 Function

• Blood circulation pathways (systemic and pulmonary)
• Transport of oxygen, nutrients, wastes
• Regulation of blood pressure

6. Respiratory System

6.1 Structure

• Airways: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
• Lungs and alveoli

6.2 Function

• Mechanics of breathing
• Gas exchange process
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

6.3 Role in Homeostasis

• Regulation of blood pH
• Carbon dioxide removal

7. Digestive System

7.1 Structure

• Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, etc.

7.2 Function

• Digestion processes (mechanical and chemical)
• Absorption of nutrients
• Elimination of waste

7.3 Nutrient Metabolism

• Macronutrient breakdown
• Role of enzymes

7.4 Gut Microbiota

• Composition and importance
• Influence on digestion and immunity

8. Endocrine System

8.1 Endocrine Glands

• Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, etc.

8.2 Hormones

• Types and mechanisms of action

8.3 Physiological Roles

• Growth and development
• Metabolism regulation
• Reproduction
• Stress response

9. Reproductive System

9.1 Male Reproductive System

• Anatomy of testes, ducts, glands, penis
• Spermatogenesis

9.2 Female Reproductive System

• Anatomy of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
• Oogenesis

9.3 Hormonal Regulation

• Role of sex hormones

9.4 Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Childbirth

• Process overview
• Stages of pregnancy
• Labor and delivery

10. Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

10.1 Concept of Homeostasis

• Definition and importance
• Examples of homeostatic parameters

10.2 Feedback Loops

• Negative feedback (e.g., temperature regulation, blood glucose)
• Positive feedback (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting)

10.3 Integration of Systems in Homeostasis

• Coordinated physiological responses