Unit 2326: Introduction to Animal Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• Definition and Scope
• Importance of Studying Animal Anatomy and Physiology
• Relationship between Structure and Function
• Overview of Major Body Systems

2. Cell Structure and Function

2.1 The Cell: Basic Unit of Life

• Cell Theory
• Types of Animal Cells

2.2 Cellular Organelles and Their Functions

• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough)
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Cytoskeleton

2.3 Cell Specialization and Cooperation

• Tissue Formation
• Organs and Organ Systems

3. Skeletal System

3.1 Overview of the Skeletal System

• Functions: Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage, Blood Cell Production

3.2 Bone Structure and Types

• Long, Short, Flat, Irregular Bones
• Bone Composition: Compact and Spongy Bone

3.3 Joints

• Types of Joints: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
• Joint Movements

4. Muscular System

4.1 Types of Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal Muscle
• Smooth Muscle
• Cardiac Muscle

4.2 Muscle Structure and Function

• Muscle Fibers and Myofibrils
• Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction

4.3 Integration with Skeletal System for Movement

5. Circulatory System

5.1 Components of the Circulatory System

• Heart Structure and Function
• Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
• Blood Composition and Functions

5.2 Circulation Pathways

• Systemic Circulation
• Pulmonary Circulation

5.3 Role in Nutrient, Oxygen Transport, and Waste Removal

6. Respiratory System

6.1 Anatomy of the Respiratory System

• Airways: Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi
• Lungs and Alveoli

6.2 Mechanism of Breathing

• Inhalation and Exhalation Processes

6.3 Gas Exchange Process

• Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Removal
• Transport of Gases in Blood

7. Digestive System

7.1 Overview of the Digestive Tract

• Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestines

7.2 Digestive Processes

• Ingestion
• Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
• Absorption of Nutrients
• Elimination of Waste

7.3 Accessory Organs

• Salivary Glands, Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder

8. Nervous System

8.1 Structure and Components

• Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves

8.2 Functions

• Sensory Input
• Integration and Processing
• Motor Output

8.3 Neurons and Neuroglia

• Neuron Structure
• Nerve Impulse Transmission

9. Endocrine System

9.1 Overview of the Endocrine System

• Role of Hormones

9.2 Major Endocrine Glands

• Pituitary Gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Adrenal Glands
• Other Glands (Pancreas, Gonads)

9.3 Hormonal Regulation of Physiological Processes

10. Reproductive System

10.1 Male Reproductive System

• Structure and Function of Male Reproductive Organs
• Gamete Production (Spermatogenesis)

10.2 Female Reproductive System

• Structure and Function of Female Reproductive Organs
• Gamete Production (Oogenesis)

10.3 Fertilization and Development

• Process of Fertilization
• Early Embryonic Development

End of Unit Outline