Learning Objectives
5 objectives- Understand the basic concepts, terminology, and organization of the human body.
- Describe the structure, function, and interrelationships of major body systems including skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, digestive, endocrine, and reproductive systems.
- Explain physiological processes that maintain homeostasis and support life functions.
- Analyze how different body systems coordinate to perform complex activities.
- Develop foundational knowledge for further study in health, biology, or medical sciences.
Content Outline
PreviewUnit 122: Human Anatomy and Physiology
1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Overview of anatomy vs. physiology
- Levels of structural organization: cells, tissues, organs, systems
- Anatomical terminology: planes, directions, and regions
- Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms
2. The Skeletal System
- Functions: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
- Types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular
- Bone tissue structure: compact vs. spongy bone
- Bone formation and growth: ossification, remodeling
- Joints and their classifications
3. The Muscular System
- Types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
- Muscle anatomy: muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres
- Mechanism of muscle contraction: sliding filament theory
- Muscle mechanics: origin, insertion, antagonistic pairs
- Role in movement, posture, and heat production
4. The Cardiovascular System
- Structure of the heart: chambers, valves, conduction system
- Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
- Blood composition: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma
- Circulatory pathways: systemic and pulmonary circulation
- Functions: transport of oxygen, nutrients, waste, and hormones
5. The Respiratory System
- Organs involved: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
- Mechanics of breathing: inspiration and expiration
- Gas exchange process in alveoli
- Respiratory volumes and capacities
- Role in oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal
6. The Nervous System
- Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS): somatic and autonomic divisions
- Neuron structure and function
- Neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission
- Coordination of body activities and response to stimuli
7. The Digestive System
- Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
- Processes: ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
- Digestive enzymes and their roles
- Nutrient absorption mechanisms
- Role in energy supply and waste elimination
8. The Endocrine System
- Major endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, etc.
- Hormones: types and modes of action
- Regulation of hormone secretion and feedback loops
- Role in homeostasis, growth, metabolism, and reproduction
9. The Reproductive System
- Male reproductive anatomy and functions
- Female reproductive anatomy and functions
- Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and oogenesis
- Hormonal regulation of reproduction
- Fertilization and early embryonic development
Unlock the full outline
Get the complete content outline, learning outcomes and assessment methods for Apply Human Anatomy And Physiology.
KSh 20 one-off, or included with a plan
Learning Outcomes
Unlock the outline above to see learning outcomes.
Assessment Methods
Unlock the outline above to see assessment methods.