Learning Objectives
5 objectives- Understand the fundamental principles of human physiology and anatomy.
- Identify and describe the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs.
- Explain the anatomy and physiological roles of major human body systems.
- Analyze how body systems interact to maintain homeostasis and support life.
- Develop foundational knowledge applicable to health, medicine, and biological sciences.
Content Outline
PreviewUnit 2072: Comprehensive Human Physiology and Anatomy
1. Introduction to Physiology and Anatomy
- Overview of physiology and anatomy
- Definitions: structure vs. function
- Levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
- Homeostasis: concept and importance
2. Cell Structure and Function
- Cell theory and cell types
- Cell components and organelles:
- Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cell membrane
- Cellular processes:
- Cell division (mitosis and meiosis)
- Cellular metabolism (anabolism, catabolism, ATP production)
- Transport mechanisms (diffusion, osmosis, active transport)
3. Tissues and Organs
- Four primary tissue types:
- Epithelial tissue: structure and functions
- Connective tissue: types and roles
- Muscle tissue: types and characteristics
- Nervous tissue: structure and function
- Organization of tissues into organs
- Examples of organ systems
4. Skeletal System
- Bone structure and types
- Functions of the skeletal system:
- Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production
- Overview of axial and appendicular skeleton
- Joints and types of movement
5. Muscular System
- Types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
- Muscle anatomy: muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres
- Mechanism of muscle contraction: sliding filament theory
- Role in movement, posture, and physiological processes
6. Nervous System
- Components: central nervous system (brain, spinal cord), peripheral nervous system
- Neuron structure and function
- Neural communication: synapses, neurotransmitters
- Sensory input, integration, motor output
- Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
7. Cardiovascular System
- Structure and function of the heart
- Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
- Blood composition and functions
- Circulatory pathways: systemic and pulmonary circulation
- Role in transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
8. Respiratory System
- Anatomy of the respiratory tract: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
- Mechanics of breathing: inhalation and exhalation
- Gas exchange in alveoli
- Oxygen transport and carbon dioxide elimination
9. Digestive System
- Structure of the digestive tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
- Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder
- Processes of digestion: mechanical and chemical digestion
- Nutrient absorption and waste elimination
10. Endocrine System
- Overview of endocrine glands and hormones
- Major glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads
- Hormonal regulation and feedback mechanisms
- Role in growth, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis
11. Reproductive System
- Male reproductive anatomy and function
- Female reproductive anatomy and function
- Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and oogenesis
- Fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth
- Hormonal control of reproduction
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