Farm Records and Accounts
Why keep records?
Under the Kenyan Senior School CBC (KICD) Agriculture learning area, you are expected to run a school or home project as a small business. Records show whether an enterprise is paying, help you plan the next season and are needed when applying for credit from banks, SACCOs or Agricultural Finance Corporation (AFC).
Main uses:
- Measure profit or loss
- Detect wastage and theft
- Plan budgets and crop or livestock programmes
- Support loan applications and tax returns
Types of farm records
| Record | What it shows | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Production | Output of crops/livestock | Milk yield per cow, eggs per day |
| Inventory | Items the farm owns | Tools, stores, livestock numbers |
| Marketing | Sales and prices | Buyers, quantity, price per unit |
| Labour | Work done and wages | Casual workers' days and pay |
| Health | Disease and treatment | Vaccination dates, dosing |
| Feeding | Feed used | Dairy meal per cow per day |
| Field operations | Activities in each plot | Planting, weeding dates |
Simple accounts
- Cash book: records cash received (debit side) and cash paid (credit side).
- Assets: what the farm owns (land, machinery, stock).
- Liabilities: what the farm owes (loans, unpaid bills).
- Net worth = assets - liabilities.
Gross margin and profit
Gross margin (GM) = total revenue - total variable costs. It is used to compare enterprises such as maize versus beans on the same land.
Net profit = gross margin - fixed costs.
Variable costs: seeds, fertiliser, chemicals, hired labour, feed. Fixed costs: land rent, depreciation, permanent staff, insurance.
Worked example 1
A school farm sells 50 kg bags of potatoes: 100 bags at KES 2,500. Seed cost KES 40,000, fertiliser KES 30,000 and labour KES 50,000.
- Revenue = 100 x 2,500 = KES 250,000
- Variable costs = 40,000 + 30,000 + 50,000 = KES 120,000
- Gross margin = KES 130,000
Worked example 2
A farmer owns assets worth KES 900,000 and owes a loan of KES 250,000.
- Net worth = 900,000 - 250,000 = KES 650,000
Depreciation
Machines lose value with use. Using the straight-line method:
Annual depreciation = (cost - scrap value) / years of life.
A water pump bought at KES 60,000, scrap value KES 6,000, life 9 years: (60,000 - 6,000) / 9 = KES 6,000 per year.
Good record-keeping habits
- Record on the same day, in ink, in a hard-cover book or phone app.
- Be accurate and honest; keep receipts.
- Review monthly and compare with the budget.
Try it
- List five records you would keep on a poultry unit of 100 layers.
- A farmer sells 30 bags of beans at KES 9,000 with variable costs of KES 150,000. Find the gross margin.
- Find the yearly depreciation of a KES 120,000 machine with scrap value KES 12,000 over 6 years.
- Prepare a simple cash book for your school project for one week.
Quick Quiz
- Production record
- Inventory record
- Marketing record
- Labour record
Answer: Option 1- Total revenue plus total costs
- Total revenue minus variable costs
- Total revenue minus all costs including fixed costs
- Fixed costs minus variable costs
Answer: Option 2- KES 36,000
- KES 60,000
- KES 84,000
- KES 24,000
Answer: Option 1- A bank loan
- A tractor
- Unpaid wages
- Money owed to a supplier
Answer: Option 2